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The International Association for the Study of Irish Literatures

IASIL Newsletter 2004 newsletter

2004 Conferences

All details should be confirmed with conference oganisers

April - June 2004

Dublin
29 June - 24 July
Trieste
27 June - 3 July
Limerick
24-25 June
Dublin
21 June - 9 July
Dublin
12-19 June
Limerick
11-13 June
Galway
2-5 June
Kansas
11-12 June
Bamberg, Germany
2-5 June
Malaga
27-29 May
Nova Scotia
26-29 May
Frankfurt
19-23 May
Troyes, France
6-7 May
Helsinki Finland
5 May
Royal Irish Academy
29-30 April
Trinity College Dublin
23/24 April
Nordic Irish Studies Network Biennial Conference Including details of a panel on Irish-American Identity
Dalarna, Sweden
22-24 April
Notre Dame, IL
16-17 April
Queens, Belfast
16-18 April
Chicago, IL
16-18 April
NUI Galway
2-3 April

January - March 2004

July - September 2004

October - December 2004

ALL CONFERENCES FOR 2004

2003 Conferences are listed HERE

Summer Schools 2004

This page lists conferences on Irish literature, Irish drama and theatre studies, and Irish film. If you think a conference should be listed here, please tell us.

 Full Details

'Unmarried Mothers' in Twentieth-century Ireland: Cultural Reflections
University of Limerick Ireland - Department of Languages and Cultural Studies
In collaboration with Women's Studies at UL
24-25 June 2004
Deadline for Proposals: 1 March 2004
Email: Cinta.Ramblado@ul.ie

Programme and Registration Now On: http://www.ul.ie/~lcs/call_for_papers1.htm

Registration until 25 May 2004.

'Unmarried Mothers' in Twentieth-century Ireland: Cultural Reflections aims to explore the different ways in which the discourse of femininity has been deployed on Irish women, with a special focus on the discussion of contemporary cultural attempts at redefining, revising and questioning this discourse as imposed on single mothers in 20th-century Ireland.

The discourse used to construct women's identity in Ireland in the 20th century has been marked by a series of key moments/stages in the history of the Irish State. With the advent of the Constitution, there develops a complex postcolonial agenda which, among other things, defines and imposes a model of femininity highly influenced by the mores taught and indoctrinated by the Catholic Church. As part of this morality, the model imposed on Irish women is closely attached to the concept of the family as the main social unit and to the sanctification of marriage; hence the term 'unmarried motherhood.' Thus single maternity figured as the epitome of deviance, and women who had conceived their children out of wedlock were treated as social outcasts, as evidenced by the Magdalen Asylum system. The effects of this discursive construction are still visible today and are constantly problematised in cultural artefacts, both filmic and literary, such as Aisling Walsh's Sinners, Peter Mullan's The Magdalen Sisters, and the work of Patricia Burke Brogan, Mary Rose Callaghan, Marita Conlon-McKenna, Emma Cooke, Roddy Doyle, Mary Morrissy, Bernard McLaverty, Edna O'Brien, Maura Richards, and William Trevor among others.

Papers on the following themes are particularly welcome:
• Single maternity and female deviance in literature and film.
• Representations of the Magdalen Asylums in popular culture.
• Emigration / immigration and 'unmarried mothers' in popular culture and the media.
• Single mothers and national discourse in popular culture and the media.

Proposal for twenty minute papers should be submitted in the form of a 250 word abstract to the conference organiser by 1st March, 2004. A selection of papers from the conference will be published. Proposal should be sent by email to the above address, or by post to: Dr. Cinta Ramblado-Minero, Department of Languages and Cultural Studies, University of Limerick, Ireland

International James Joyce Symposium
National College of Ireland
12-19 June 2004
email: info@jamesjoyce.ie
http://www.bloomsday100.org

The International James Joyce Symposium - celebrating the centenary of Bloomsday - takes place at the National College of Ireland, an impressive new buidling recently opened in Dublin's Docklands. The Symposium website has now been launched - on http://www.bloomsday100.org. It includes details of registration fees, etc. Paper proposals are also being accepted.

Enemies of Empire
University of Limerick
11-13 June 2004
Proposal Deadline: 20 December 2003
Conference Website Now Online: http://www.history.ul.ie/db/news/page.php?page=conferences
eoin.flannery@mic.ul.ie 

From the Call for Papers…

“Postcolonial theory has been, and remains, one of the dominant modes of literary and cultural criticism within the broader discourse of Irish Studies. A range of internal factors complicates readings of colonial occupation, in which all notions of language, ethnicity, faith, class, and gender were drastically affected, factors that we feel expand and challenge the mandate of postcolonial studies. One of the most recurrent criticisms of postcolonial studies is its reliance on literary/textual material rather than on what is perceived as more concrete or quantifiable historical data. It is our intention to garner papers from both literary and historical postcolonial studies: in effect to excite a level of discursive interchange and disciplinary dialogue. The sessions will concentrate on diverse crucibles of colonial occupation, including Europe, Asia, Africa, Australasia and the Americas. Rather than adduce simple transcolonial analogies, Enemies of Empire will exhibit the legitimacy of alternative ethical, political and cultural solidarities between postcolonial and neocolonised societies. Through a discursive imbrication of, and conversation between, previously antagonistic disciplines, our conference will potentially yield novel perspectives on and understandings of literary, historical and contemporary readings of colonial history, postcolonial theorization and imperialism.

Papers should be no longer than 20 minutes. Please send an abstract, of not more than 300 words, to: eoin.flannery@mic.ul.ie before 20 December 2003. A full list of suggested topics is also available from the conference organisers. Conference Conveners: Eóin Flannery, Department of English, Mary Immaculate College, University of Limerick. Angus Mitchell, Department of History, Mary Immaculate College, University of Limerick.

Joyce's Ireland: A Celebration of the Bloomsday Centenary
University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
11-17 June 2004 (w/ conference June 11-12)
Deadline for Proposals: 20 March 2004
Contact JoycesIreland@hotmail.com
Website:
http://raven.cc.ku.edu/~kconrad

The Department of English at the University of Kansas will celebrate the 100th anniversary of Bloomsday with a week-long celebration of late 19th to early 20th century Irish culture. Part of this celebration of Irish culture will include a two-day interdisciplinary conference. The conference organisers hope to represent a wide range of approaches to Joyce and to Irish culture more generally, from academics and non-academics alike.

Performances, roundtables, collaborative projects, and other non-traditional presentations are encouraged in addition to conference papers. Although the Joyce centenary is the occasion for the celebration, papers and panels need not be limited to Joyce's work. Possible topics may include but are by no means limited to the following:

-- Ireland and commodity culture
-- The Irish Diaspora
-- Ireland in the World Wars
-- Irish literature and popular culture
-- The geography of the Irish imagination
-- Mythic Ireland

Participants will have the opportunity to visit the Spencer Library, which houses an extensive selection of Joyce and Yeats materials, as well as the P.S.O'Hegarty Collection, a group of over 25,000 pieces that includes Abbey Theatre programs, plays, political ephemera, the complete output of the Cuala and Dun Emer Presses, and much more.

Keynote speakers: Prof. Vicki Mahaffey,(University of Pennsylvania) and Prof. Michael Patrick Gillespie (Marquette University )

 

Staging Displacement, Exile and Diaspora
Bamberg, Germany
2-5 June 2004
Proposal Deadline: 31 December 2003

Conference website: http://www.uni-bamberg.de/split/englit/pages/confer04.htm

The German Society for Contemporary Theatre and Drama in English announces its thirteenth annual conference.  The Call for Papers covers theatre in many Anglophone countries, including Ireland.


Humour And Tragedy In Ireland – IV International Conference of the Spanish Association for Irish Studies
Universidad de Málaga
27- 29 May 2004
Deadline for Proposals: 15 February 2004
http://webdeptos.uma.es/filifa/Ireland
Contact: e-mail: pmcruz@uma.es

From the call for papers…

“Tragedy is all too present in the history of Ireland. A country which has suffered invasions, famine, political struggles, civil war, persecution and deprivations of all kinds could not have survived had it not been for that endearing Irish quality-humour. A sense of humour allows us to get things into perspective and acts as an escape valve which permits us to come to terms with the ups and downs of life and releases tensions and stress. The theme of this conference is ‘Humour and Tragedy in Ireland’ as represented in literature, the media, cinema and the visual arts.

Papers are welcome from a broad range of disciplines including:

* Literary Studies
* Media and Film Studies
* Cultural Studies and Popular Culture
* Postcolonial Studies
* Gender Studies
* Critical Theory

Proposals for papers,( either in English or in Spanish ) with a 150-word abstract should be sent as e-mail attachment to the conference coordinator before February 15th 2004. Final papers, which should not exceed 10 pages (20 minutes delivery) are due by May 1st 2004. Please include a copy on diskette (Word for Windows 95/98). A selection of papers will be published according to their thematic relevance to the publication.

Conference coordinator:
Dña. Patricia Trainor de la Cruz
Departament de Filología Inglesa, Francesa y Alemana
Facultad de Filosofía y Letras
Universidad de Málaga
Campus de Teatinos,
29071 Málaga
SPAIN
Tel. + 34 952 131792 Fax. + 34 952 131843
e-mail: pmcruz@uma.es Website : www.aedei.com

Fourth Galway Conference on Colonialism - India and Ireland
NUI Galway, Irish Studies Centre
2-5 June 2004
Proposal Deadline: 15 January 2004
email: irishstudies@nuigalway.ie

In the nineteenth century Ireland and India, though not technically defined as colonies, were both treated as such by Britain. Ireland, constitutionally a part of the imperial power, was both colonized and colonizer. Irish soldiers contributed massively to the building of the Raj and were at least as enthusiastically brutal as other colonizers; Irish doctors, engineers, lawyers, administrators, missionaries serviced the empire in India, while the Anglo-Irish aristocracy and gentry provided several viceroys and governors-general. The substantial Irish involvement in the Indian Civil Service has scarcely been studied, not to mention the extraordinary contribution (for better and worse) of Irish scholars to orientalism, in such areas as philology, lexicography, history, religion, law. For instance, Grierson’s monumental Linguistic Survey of India has been described as ‘one of the most unquestioned glories of British Rule’. The concept, developed in the 1860s, of ‘governing Ireland according to Irish ideas’ was influenced by Indian practice. One aspect of this programme, translation of the ancient Irish Brehon Laws, was in accordance with earlier Indian practice. The supposed affinities between Celticism and Orientalism were frequently highlighted from the eighteenth century onwards. As Arnold was successfully marketing the gendered difference between Celt and Saxon, Max Müller was popularizing a related distinction in India between the Aryan north and Dravidian south.

Papers might address such issues as differing imperial modes of governance in India and Ireland, land ownership and tenancy, custom and law, status and contract, the ‘Irish Raj’, missions and an Irish ‘Spiritual Empire’, nationalism and imperialism, Irish nationalism and India, borders and partition, modes of resistance, neutrality and non-alignment, the suffrage movement, race and colour, caste and class, religion, theosophy oriental and occidental, sport and empire, literacy and education, novel and nation, utilitarianism and empire, ordnance surveys, the production of knowledge, Indian and Irish historiography, postcolonial critical perspectives, the ‘non-modern’, ideology and masks of conquest, strategies of ‘divide and conquer’, meat-eating and monotheism, famines, hunger strikes, boycotting, Burke and Warren Hastings, Nivedita (Margaret Noble), Annie Besant, Ram Mohun Roy, Yeats and Tagore, Margaret and James Cousins, Max Arthur Macauliffe and Sikhism.

Papers will be particularly welcome which address the relationship between India and Ireland in the context of other colonies of the British Empire and other colonial dispensations.

Papers should be no longer than 20 minutes. Please send an abstract, of not more than 300 words, to: irishstudies@nuigalway.ie before 15 January 2004.

CAIS 2004: Mother Tongues - The Languages of Ireland
Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
26-29 May, 2004
Proposal Deadline: 15 January 2004
email: padraig.osiadhail@smu.ca
http://www.irishstudies.ca

The major focus at CAIS 2004 will be on the importance and role of language in the Irish experience. To that end, the Conference Programme Committee invites proposals for papers that deal with or touch on any related area.  Please note that the CAIS Conference Programme Committee also welcomes proposals for conference papers and panels on other themes and topics. Conference presenters must be members of the Canadian Association for Irish Studies. Full details are on the new CAIS website.

Please sent short abstracts (c. 125 words) by 15th January 2004 to Pádraig Ó Siadhail, D’Arcy McGee Chair of Irish Studies, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3C3

Celtic Fringes and Their Diasporas
Annual Conference for the Study of the New Literatures in English
Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt
19-23 May, 2004
Deadline for Abstracts: 31 December 2003
http://www.uni-frankfurt.de/fb10/ieas/abt/nelk/ASNELConf2004_CallforPapers.html

A call for papers has been issued for a panel on “Celtic Fringes and Their Diasporas” for the Annual Conference of the Association for the Study of New Literatures in English.  Full details are available on the conference website, or from the section organizer: Silke Stroh (Frankfurt/M), E-mail: finchen_2@yahoo.de

The confernece organiser has now made available information about the papers that will be delivered at the conference. These are available to download from the IASIL website by clicking on this link.

The History of the Irish Book
University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Troyes, France
6-7 May 2004
Email Sylvie.mikowski@noos.fr

Proposal Deadline: 30 November 2003

The Department of English of the University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne  and the Institute of  Cultural, Textual and  Documentary  Studies  of Troyes invite proposals for papers for an international conference on The History of the Irish Book.  Guests Speakers include Professor Robert Welch (University of Ulster), and (to be confirmed) Professor Warwick Gould (University of London).

Proposals of a maximum length of 250 words, as well as any enquiries should be sent before November 30, 2003 to Sylvie Mikowski, Professor of Irish Studies, University of Reims 2, Square des Bouleaux, 75019 Paris, France.

THE CELTIC CONNECTION IN NORTH AMERICA
The Tenth Maple Leaf and Eagle Conference on North American Studies, University of Helsinki
5-7 MAY 2004
Deadline for Abstracts: 15 December 2003
Contact: pirkko.hautamaki@helsinki.fi
http://www.helsinki.fi/hum/renvall/bir/celtconnection2004.html

The University of Helsinki North American Studies Program is joining forces with the British and Irish Studies Programme to host the Tenth Maple Leaf and Eagle Conference on North American Studies on May 5-7, 2004.
They are seeking proposals on all aspects – social, political and cultural – of the Irish, Scottish, Welsh, and Breton impact in North America. Proposals with a comparative angle are especially welcome. Graduate students, too, are encouraged to participate, as are writers, musicians and other artists.

Abstracts of no more than 250 words and a one-page CV should be sent to Ms Pirkko Hautamäki, pirkko.hautamaki@helsinki.fi, by 15 December 2003. Authors will be notified no later than 15 January 2004. Papers will be considered for publication.
 

Irish Theatrical Diaspora Conference: Irish Theatre On Tour
Royal Irish Academy, Dublin
29-30 April 2004
e-mail drewe@tcd.ie
Website: http://itd.tcd.ie


In the centenary year of the Abbey Theatre, the Irish Theatrical Diaspora is mounting the conference on Irish Theatre on Tour in association with the Royal Irish Academy. Keynote speakers will include John P. Harrington and Richard Cave, and panel discussions by invited contributors will cover topics relating to The Abbey on Tour, Touring in Ireland, and Touring outside Ireland. Full schedule and registration form available at:

www.itd.tcd.ie/conference.shtml


The Irish Theatrical Diaspora is an international network of theatre scholars dedicated to promoting research on the production and reception of Irish theatre inside and outside Ireland.

Irish Theatre on Tour: Programme

OPENING ADDRESS: Seamus Heaney

KEYNOTE SPEAKERS: Richard Cave, Royal Holloway, University of London and John P. Harrington, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, New York

PANELS:

**The Abbey on Tour**

Raising money and losing actors in the USA: Abbey tours of the 1930s --Adrian Frazier, NUI, Galway

The Abbey in Australia in 1922: 'When the Abbey is gone the mirror of Ireland is broken' --Peter Kuch, University of New South Wales, Sydney

Lady Gregory: The Politics of Touring Ireland --Anthony Roche, University College Dublin

**Touring outside Ireland**

Druid's Leenane Trilogy on Tour --Patrick Lonergan, NUI, Galway

The Gate in London --Richard Pine, Durrell School of Corfu

'My kind of Irish are not interested in such trash': Perception, Conflict and Culture in Irish Theatre Abroad --Melissa Sihra, Queen's University, Belfast


**Touring within Ireland**

Theatrical Touring and Eighteenth-Century Irish Popular Culture --Helen Burke, Florida State University, Florida

Irish Melodrama in Belfast and Dublin --Mark Phelan, Queen's University, Belfast

The Pike on Tour --Lionel Pilkington, NUI, Galway


For more information, contact Elizabeth Drew, School of English, Trinity College, Dublin 2 or by e-mail at drewe@tcd.ie

You can download a copy of the Irish Theatrical Diaspora Conference flyer here.


Third Annual Crosscurrents Conference
Trinity College Dublin
23-24 April 2004
Proposal Deadline: 30 January 2004
Email: tcdcrosscurrents@yahoo.com
Website: http://www.geocities.com/tcdcrosscurrents/index.html

A call for papers has been issued for the third Annual International Crosscurrents Conference. This Conference is being hosted by the Arts and Humanities Research Board Centre for Irish-Scottish Studies. Its purpose is to provide an opportunity for postgraduate students and postdoctoral fellows to share some of their research, and to meet other researchers from a wide variety of disciplines.

Abstracts for both individual sessions and round table discussions are being solicited. Suggested topics include: Religion and Representation - Myth, Ritual and Identity - Dystoppia - Edinburgh, Dublin and the Rise of International Publishing - Early Irish Satire - Black and Asian Histories in Ireland and Scotland - Irish & Scottish Images of Nation - Brehon Law - Music and Ethnic Space - Queer Identities in Art, Literature and History.

Selected Proceedings will be published.

300-word abstracts are to be mailed before January 30, 2004 to Crosscurrents, Centre for Irish-Scottish Studies, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland or e-mailed to tcdcrosscurrents@yahoo.com

Liminal Borderlands - Ireland Past, Presen, Future
Dalarna Centre for Irish Studies 22-24 April 2004
Conference Website
E-mail: ign@du.se
Deadline for Proposals: 15 December 2003

The 4th Biannual Conference of NISN (Nordic Irish Studies Network) will be held at University College Dalarna, SWEDEN, from 22-24 April, 2004.  The conference welcomes submissions for panels and papers in literature,language, drama, film, art, music, history, politics, philosophy, cultural studies, folklore, and other relevant academic disciplines relevant to the conference theme.

250-word abstracts/panel proposals are due by15 December, 2003. Full details on the conference website.  For information, contact: Dr Irene Gilsenan Nordin, DUCIS (Dalarna University Centre for Irish Studies), Dept of Arts and Languages, University College Dalarna, Campus Lugnet, SE 791 88 Falun, SWEDEN.

A call for papers for a Panel on Negotiating Ethnicity and Identity in Irish American Literature has also been issued.

What are the realities of being Irish AND American? How is it different from being Irish OR American? Papers addressing questions of subjectivity, identity and ethnicity, or any other other issues related to Irish American literature, are welcome. Send abstracts of 250 words no later than 31 January, 2004, to Mats Tegmark Assistant Professor of English Dalarna University College S-79188 Falun Sweden, mte@du.se

The Colonial Object
McKenna Hall, Notre Dame
16-17 April 2004
http://www.nd.edu/~irishstu
Email: macsuibhne.1@nd.edu

Societies define themselves not only through words and images but also through objects - through the material culture of bodies, artifacts, and the inanimate world. This conference looks at the legacy of colonialism in terms of its impact on the material surroundings of people's lives, and how these in turn shaped the contours of society. Drawing on Irish and related experiences, the conference will look at the changes wrought in material culture as people come out from under the shadow of a colonial past. A full program will be available shortly.

Borderlines VIII: P e r f o r m a n c e
April 16 - 18th, 2004
Queen's University Belfast
Deadline for Papers: 31 January 2004
http://www.qub.ac.uk/en/research/conferences/borderlines/index.htm

Graduate students are invited to submit papers and innovative presentations on the theme of 'Borderlines: Performance' to the eighth postgraduate conference in medieval studies. Prospective speakers are asked to note that the theme of 'Performance' should be conceived as broadly as possible and is not intended to restrict papers to the topic of dramatic performance. Possible topics might include: text as performance, the pulpit as a site for performance, performativity and identity, gender as performance, and so on... Abstracts should be posted by 31 of January, 2004. There is no conference fee. Full details are on the conference website.

SSNCI 2004 - Structures of Belief in Nineteenth Century Ireland
De Paul University Chicago
16-18 April 2004
Proposal Deadline 1 November 2003
http://www2.ic.edu/MVS
www.qub.ac.uk/english/socs/ssnci.html

The histories of nineteenth-century Britain and Ireland are often thought of as asymmetrical, with religious faith as a key marker of difference between the two cultures. How did religion and other systems of belief operate in the relationship between the islands? Did religion increase in importance in Ireland as it diminished in Britain? This conference invites papers that explore belief systems in nineteenth-century Ireland. It especially welcomes contributions that probe the relationship of such systems to British action, perception and articulation. The impact of Catholic emancipation on Britain, the presence of the Catholic masses in British cities, the ideology of evangelical activity, the relationship between religion, gender and subjectivity in literature, and the interaction of religion and material culture are among the many topics that might be explored. All systems of belief are of interest to the conference. Though Christianity predominated, Maria Edgeworth advocated Jewish rights in Harrington (1817), John Kells Ingram was a notable disciple of Comte, John Tyndall a doughty exponent of evolution and W.B. Yeats acommitted adherent to theosophy.

Among the speakers: Marjorie Howes (Boston College) on "Popular Catholicism, popular fictions." Emmet Larkin (University of Chicago) on “The Devotional Revolution revisited.” D.W. Miller (Carnegie Mellon University) – "Did Ulster Presbyterians have a Devotional Revolution?" Walter L. Arnstein (Urbana-Champaign) – “Charles Bradlaugh: A Victorian atheist encounters Roman Catholic Ireland." Mary Burke (Notre Dame) on “Post-Darwinian evangelical anxiety and the writings of J.M. Synge.” Claire Connolly (Cardiff University) on “Maturin, Sheil andthe staging of confessional difference in the romantic period.” Kevin O’Neill (Boston College) – “Friends and neighbours: Mary Shackleton Leadbeater and the Irish Quakers”

Among the other topics: Queen Victoria, Maud Gonne and the ethics of motherhood; the fiction of May Laffan; the evolution controversy; the station mass; religion and prisons; the Arklow disturbances of 1891; medicine and sectarianism; evangelical Presbyterians in the Ulster tenant-right movement; Irish evangelicals in a British revival network; William Maginn’s beliefs; Lloyd George and anti-Catholicism; religious belief in Fenian recollections; anti-Catholicism in post-Emancipation Hampshire; Banim’s The Boyne Water; Father Boyce and the Wild Irish Girl; Catholic periodicals and the ideal woman; religion and Famine poetry; William Warren Baldwin in Ontario; Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna.

Registration info is on the websites, listed above.

THE IRISH HERO: A Multidisciplinary Irish Studies Conference
Centre for Irish Studies, National University of Ireland , Galway
2-3 APRIL 2004
Deadline for Proposals: 8 December 2003
Contact: irishstudies@nuigalway.ie
http://www.nuigalway.ie/research/centre_irish_studies/irish_hero.htm

Many different men and women have been thought of, talked about, written about and memorialized as representing the heroic values in Irish society. Such heroes have been drawn from many disparate areas of Irish life, such as the military, politics, literature and sport. The aim of this conference is to bring together experts from across the spectrum of Irish Studies to consider such themes as: Changing definitions of the hero in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; The memorialization of the hero in Irish life; Biographies of individual Irish heroes; The often temporary nature of hero status; Whether there is something specifically "Irish" about the nation's heroes; Moral victories and heroic failures; The problematic nature of "heroism"; Heroism and gender; The anti-hero

Papers are encouraged from across the different disciplines within Irish Studies, and focus should be restricted to a consideration of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The concept of the "hero" is not fixed, and contributors may define the term in a variety of ways to include fictional or legendary figures as well as actual or "real" heroes. It is not necessary that the heroes considered should have lived during the period under review, only that they were revered during that time.

Papers should be no longer than 20 minutes. Please send an abstract of not more than 300 words to irishstudies@nuigalway.ie before 8 December 2003

 

Page Updated 28 May, 2005
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